State Plane North – State plane north is commonly used with GPS observations and is used as a simplified version of north for a grid system of coordinates. Also, there is a small, cyclical wobble to the rotation of the planet, varying over cycles ranging up to several years long. Volcanic eruptions, meteor strikes, and building huge dams all affect this rotation. While this sounds simple, the problem is that this changes over time. It is the axis of rotation of Planet Earth. Geodetic North – Geodetic North is what most people think north is. The mismarked line was correctly marked years later by another surveyor. Brown re-calculated his position from celestial observations (measuring angles to the sun and stars) and returned to where he thought he was. Brown, discovered that previously unknown local attractors caused the surveyed line to be off by several miles. The first time that the south line of the state of Missouri was run on the ground, the survey party, led by Joseph C. There are many places in the world where north shifts locally, based on nearby magnetic attractors, such as iron deposits. Magnetic north can also be affected by local attractions. We are currently at +2°, based on personal observations. In central Missouri, magnetic north has varied from +8° to -2°, based on what I have seen in the records, so far. Magnetic North – Although magnetic north is simple and convenient, it can be very troublesome, because magnetic north changes over time. I have seen it vary by as much as 45° from geodetic north. “Northerly” North – This is the north that is commonly used when a general orientation to the world is needed. “True” north – True North is a general term. These are only a few of definitions available. A quick review of some of the following definitions of “north” will help you to understand the confusion and avoid some of the possible pitfalls. Unless north is clearly defined, assume that north is probably and generally in a northerly direction. When “north is mentioned, surveyors immediately ask which north? There are many definitions of north and those definitions may or may not mathematically relate to other definitions. Measuring and measurement calculations were taught as part of math lessons, with deed reading as part of both reading and math lessons.Ī common point of confusion in surveying is the term “north”. Here I will try to describe how to follow the more common and easily understood descriptions.Īn interesting historical note is that in the U.S., Many school systems used to teach basic land surveying and description reading as part of the public education curriculum. While the more common and basic descriptions can be followed with a little basic education, it takes years of education and experience to understand the details of the more complex descriptions. There are numerous variations of descriptions, ranging from the very simple to the extremely complicated. They define the limits of what is being conveyed, saying where you have rights (and obligations) over real property. They are a necessary part of every deed, right-of-way, written easement and other types of conveyance of property rights. By using specific landmarks and measurements, property owners can establish clear boundaries and avoid disputes with neighboring landowners.Property descriptions are found in many places and documents. This description would establish the boundary lines of the property.Įxplanation: The example illustrates how lines and corners, or metes and bounds, are used to define the boundaries of a property. These boundaries are usually described in deeds and surveys to establish the boundary lines of land.Įxample: A property owner may describe the metes and bounds of their land as starting at a certain corner of a neighboring property, then running a certain distance along a fence line, turning at a specific angle at a tree, and continuing for another distance until reaching a creek. Definition: Lines and corners refer to the metes and bounds of a property, which are the territorial limits of real estate measured by distances and angles from designated landmarks and in relation to adjoining properties.
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VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011, although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools. VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. Main article: Visual Basic for Applications Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts. Excel was not designed to be used as a database. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |